Haervejen/"Military Road" - Jutland's main transport road

http://www.haervej.dk/english/index.htm


http://www.haervej.dk/english/historie.htm
Over the years, however, the road has been known by many other names: The Cattle Road, The Oxen Road, The King's Road, The Roman Road, or simply The Main Road. In Southern Jutland, many sections of the road are still known as "The Oxen Road".



"Hærvejen
[...] the main road in Jutland ran through the peninsula along the water divide. Hærvejen was made up of humble gravel and sunken roads. It was not just one road – rather a system of many small roads formed what we now know as Haervejen. It was used by traders and their oxen-drawn carts, cattlemen with their herds and pious pilgrims. In times of warfare, it was the natural route for the armies – hence the name, as the Danish name translates into "military road"."
http://www.haervej.dk/english/index.htm

[...]
In the 15 th century, 30-50,000 oxen were annually driven along Hærvejen. In addition to steers, horses, pigs, goats, sheep and geese were also driven along the road.
http://www.haervej.dk/english/studevej.htm

Road sections
http://www.haervej.dk/sevaerdigheder.htm

1. Viborg - Havredal Plantage
2. Stendal Plantage - Christianshøj
3. Stenholt Skov - Christianshede
4. Skærbæk - Boest
5. Nørre Snede - Kollemorten
6. Givskud - Jelling
7. Engelsholm og Vejle Ådal
8. Randbøldal og Randbøl Hedel
9. Bække
10. Vejen - Kongeåen
11. Jels
12. Vojens - Vedsted
13. Immervad - Rødekro
14. Hjordkær - Kliplev
15. Gejlå - Grænsen




[...]
[Partial] Bibliography (all DK)
http://www.haervej.dk/english/litteratur.htm

Becker-Christensen, Henrik (1981): Hærvejen i Sønderjylland: et vejhistorisk studie: fra Kongeåen til Danevirke. Institut for Grænseregionsforskning.

Becker-Christensen, Henrik (1982): Hærvejen gennem Sønderjylland: kilder, mindesmærker, turforslag. Amtscentralen for Undervisningsmidler i Sønderjylland.

Hærvejen - levendegjort på ét sted (1992). Red.: Falk Mikkelsen, Thomas Bagge og Karen Marie Ravn. Hærvejsprojektet.
[...]

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Map of the pilgrim routes to Santiago

http://www.csj.org.uk/map.htm


The Confraternity of Saint James
Map of the pilgrim routes to Santiago

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Pilgrim Ways to Nidaros - The St. Olav Ways

http://www.pilgrim.info/en/route.aspx?led=534830



"[...] Not long after the Saint King, Olav Haraldsson, fell in battle at Stiklestad in 1030, Nidaros became a popular goal for people seeking to redeem their souls at his shrine. Olav became Norway's patron saint, and his reputation shone far beyond the borders of his country.

Along paths and vestigial roads, through wild country and through high mountains people wended their way to Christ's Church in Nidaros, where the shrine of Olav was venerated. A substantial number of people felt the beckoning of the shrine, and pilgrimages continued there until 1537, the time of the reformation, and perhaps even beyond that.

Today we cannot pinpoint with certainty where the medieval pilgrims made their way. The trails they followed were the contemporary highways. The common road - the "people's road" - threaded along the hillsides in the valleys which had been settled first.

The road would be for walking and riding. Single-minded in its intent on reaching its destination, the road would climb up and wind down steep hills, disdaining detours around marshes or other obstacles. In hilly terrain, traffic, weather and precipitation would cause the dissolving earth and clay to seep away, leaving a distinct furrow, a sunken road. On marshy ground the road might be paved with logs, called a kavlebru - a log bridge.

Pilgrims would normally travel in companies. A day's journey might stretch up to 30 kilometres for those hardy souls who could manage to hike that far. Every 8 to 10 kilometres there would be places of rest with grazing for horses. Such pastures were called "Olav's fields". Along the way there would be inns and lodgings. The oldest places for accommodation were the simple sælehus - houses of rest - where lodgers would have to cater for themselves. Tradition also tells us of roadside crosses, pilgrims' chapels and sacred wells along the road. [...]"

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Routes into Networks : The Structure of English Trade in the East Indies, 1601-1833

http://www.iserp.columbia.edu/research/working_papers/downloads/2004_07.pdf

Erikson Emily and Peter Bearman. 2004.
Routes into Networks : The Structure of English Trade in the East Indies, 1601-1833

ISERP Working Paper 04- 07, Columbia University
http://www.iserp.columbia.edu/research/working_papers/downloads/2004_07.pdf

Abstract
Drawing on a remarkable dataset compiled from ships logs, journals, factory correspondence, ledgers, and reports that provide unusually precise information on each of the 4,572 voyages taken by English traders of the East India Company (hereafter EIC), we describe the EIC trade network over time, from 1601 to 1833.

From structural images of voyages organized by shipping seasons, we map the (over time and space) emergence of dense, fully integrated, global trade networks: of globalization before globalization. We show that the integration of the world trade system under the aegis of the EIC was the unintended by-product of systematic individual malfeasance (private trading) on the part of ship captains seeking profit from internal Eastern trade.

Keywords: principal-agent problem, networks, global trade, historical sociology, the EIC.

Extract
[...]
Data for this paper arise from The Catalogue of the East India Companys Ships Journals and Logs, 1600-1834 and The Biographical index of East India Company maritime service officers: 1600-1834, sources which integrate the journals, logs, ledgers, imprest books, pay books, receipt books, absence books, company papers, and voluminous correspondence of the Company relevant for each ship and employed officer. From the first volume, we have a complete list of the 1,480 ships (4,725 voyages) that were engaged in EIC trade from 1601 to 1835. Eighty- Routes into Networks five percent of the entries for voyages contain a complete set of ports visited with dates of arrival and departure. All ships list the trading season in which they were active and 99% percent include the intended destination. Less systematically, there is information on ship tonnage, dimensions, crew size, armaments, principal owners, and shipbuilders. In the analyses reported below, ports fall in and out of the network. [...]
-----------
[The sources in question are:
* Farrington, Anthony. 1999. Catalogue of the East India Company Ships' Journals and Logs 1600-1834. London: The British Library.
* Farrington, Anthony. 1999. Biographical Index of the East India Company Maritime Service Officers. London: The British Library.
- tmc.]

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The Sea Route between Cheju Island and Zhejiang Province

Koh, Heyryun, A Note on the Sea Route between Cheju Island and Zhejiang
Province, in A. Schottenhammer (ed.), The East Asian Maritime World
1400-1800: Its Fabrics of Power and Dynamics of Exchanges. (Wiesbaden:
Otto Harrassowitz, 2007), pp.151-168. East Asian Maritime History 4.

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CLIWOC: A climatological [and trade routes'] database for the world's oceans 1750-1854

http://www.knmi.nl/cliwoc/index.htm

KNMI (Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute), De Bilt, Netherlands

A public-access database of georeferenced positions and meteorological data collected from over 280,000 historical observations in the logbooks of Spanish, Dutch and English sailing ships engaged in trade, war, and exploration voyages across the Pacific, Atlantic, and the Indian Ocean from 1750 till 1854.

Site contents:
* CLIWOC project history;

* Metadata - CLIWOC Dutch individual ships position plots
(Pre-1750 Ships: Africa (1677), Freden (1748-1749), Maarseveen (1662-1663), Wesel (1699), [...]
1750-1799 Ships: Admiraal de Ruyter, Africaensche Galey, Agatha, Akerendam, [...]
1800-1854 Ships: Abel Tasman, Adder, Admiraal Evertsen, Admiraal Jan Evertsen [...]);

* Metadata - CLIWOC English individual ships position plots
(Ships: Acasta Active(1), Active(2), Active(3), Adamant, Admiral Pocock, [...] Worcester, Yarmouth, York, Yorke);

* Metadata - CLIWOC Spanish individual ships position plots
(Ships: Activo, El, Aguila, El, Aigle, Le, Aimable Marie Anne, L', Ambition, L', Amphitrite, L', Ana, Santa, [...], Vicente, San, Vicomte de Choiseuil, Le, Viviana, Zephir, Le)

* Metadata - CLIWOC ship positions maps and graphs
(1750-1759, 1760-1769, 1770-1779, 1780-1789, 1790-1799, 1800-1809, 1810-1819, 1820-1829, 1830-1839, 1840-1850, 1750-1850 (b/w), 1750-1850 (colour));

* CLIWOC Meteorological data 1662-1855 (Wind observations - [for all 12 month of the year], Air Temperature (C) per 5x5 degrees [for all 12 month of the year & for the whole period]);

* CLIWOC database:
Release 1.1 (23 January 2004) and
Release 1.5 (15 April 2004) [freely downloadable zipped file CLIWOC15.zip, 12.7 MB, Complete version in IMMA-format, period covers 1662-1855; contains 280,280 records, compatible with MS-DOS environment (each record ends with the combination CR/LF). Also available: Complete Database in Microsoft Access 2000 and Complete Database in Microsoft Access 97. - ed.];

* CLIWOC Publications/Literature/Media;

* Links
(CLIWOC related links,
VOC and EIC links: VOC Kennis Centrum, VOC-links, VOC-Glossarium, Bataviawerf (Batavia Yard), Tanap, VOC Site, De VOC. Scheepvaart tussen Nederland en Azie (1595-1795),
Other links)

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