Historic Trade Routes of Tibet

http://www.tibetancoins.com/III%20Tibetan%20Trade.html

[...]
The map [3] shows the historic trade routes from the time of the Tibetan Empire at its zenith to modern times. These routes can be broadly grouped as shown below.

1. The eastern route via Tachienlu to China.
2. The northeastern route via Koko Nor to China, the Turks and Siberia.
3. The northwestern route via Ladakh: to Khotan, Kaskgar, Kucha and trans-Oxania: to Bokhara and Samarkand.
4. The trans-Himalayan routes: to Ladakh, Kashmir, Indian States, Nepal, Sikkim, Cooch Behar, Bhutan, Assam.[4]
[...]

References:
[3.] Lamb, A., "British and Chinese Central Asia", 1960, Map adapted from Sketch Map, p. 3.
[4.] Beckwith, C.I., "The Tibetan Empire in Central Asia", Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1987, p 103.

---

Please note that the above details were correct on the day this post was published. To suggest an update, please email the site's editor at tmciolek@ciolek.com

---

Gallery: ancient road and changes of transport in Tibet

http://www.gov.cn/english/special/2006-06/30/content_324017.htm

[image]
Undated file photo shows a salt-fetching team [of a group of yaks - tmc] marches on their way in southwest China's Tibet Autonomous Region. The salt-fetch teams, consisting of twenty to thirty people and some five hundred yaks, started its long journey at the end of winter every year. It took them several months to go to salt lakes and carried salt back to every family. [...] [Xinhua Photo]

[image]
Undated file photo shows a tea-carrying team [of some 40-60 mules - tmc] marches on their way in southwest China's Tibet Autonomous Region. As Tibetan people keep the traditional habit of drinking tea, tea had been carried into Tibet with mules for many years. [...] [Xinhua Photo]



File photo taken in the year 1950 shows Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) walk on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau with [several thousands - tmc] camels carrying goods and materials. [Xinhua Photo]

---

Please note that the above details were correct on the day this post was published. To suggest an update, please email the site's editor at tmciolek@ciolek.com

---

Haervejen/"Military Road" - Jutland's main transport road

http://www.haervej.dk/english/index.htm


http://www.haervej.dk/english/historie.htm
Over the years, however, the road has been known by many other names: The Cattle Road, The Oxen Road, The King's Road, The Roman Road, or simply The Main Road. In Southern Jutland, many sections of the road are still known as "The Oxen Road".



"Hærvejen
[...] the main road in Jutland ran through the peninsula along the water divide. Hærvejen was made up of humble gravel and sunken roads. It was not just one road – rather a system of many small roads formed what we now know as Haervejen. It was used by traders and their oxen-drawn carts, cattlemen with their herds and pious pilgrims. In times of warfare, it was the natural route for the armies – hence the name, as the Danish name translates into "military road"."
http://www.haervej.dk/english/index.htm

[...]
In the 15 th century, 30-50,000 oxen were annually driven along Hærvejen. In addition to steers, horses, pigs, goats, sheep and geese were also driven along the road.
http://www.haervej.dk/english/studevej.htm

Road sections
http://www.haervej.dk/sevaerdigheder.htm

1. Viborg - Havredal Plantage
2. Stendal Plantage - Christianshøj
3. Stenholt Skov - Christianshede
4. Skærbæk - Boest
5. Nørre Snede - Kollemorten
6. Givskud - Jelling
7. Engelsholm og Vejle Ådal
8. Randbøldal og Randbøl Hedel
9. Bække
10. Vejen - Kongeåen
11. Jels
12. Vojens - Vedsted
13. Immervad - Rødekro
14. Hjordkær - Kliplev
15. Gejlå - Grænsen




[...]
[Partial] Bibliography (all DK)
http://www.haervej.dk/english/litteratur.htm

Becker-Christensen, Henrik (1981): Hærvejen i Sønderjylland: et vejhistorisk studie: fra Kongeåen til Danevirke. Institut for Grænseregionsforskning.

Becker-Christensen, Henrik (1982): Hærvejen gennem Sønderjylland: kilder, mindesmærker, turforslag. Amtscentralen for Undervisningsmidler i Sønderjylland.

Hærvejen - levendegjort på ét sted (1992). Red.: Falk Mikkelsen, Thomas Bagge og Karen Marie Ravn. Hærvejsprojektet.
[...]

---

Please note that the above details were correct on the day this post was published. To suggest an update, please email the site's editor at tmciolek@ciolek.com

---

Trade Routes in the Eastern Jazira

Altaweel, Mark & Hauser, Stefan R.
"Travelling via Hatra: Trade Routes in the Eastern Jazira according to evidence from ancient sources and modern satellite imagery" (2004)
Baghdader Mitteilungen, 2004, vol. 35, p. 57-84.
Abstract: Satellite images are used to follow the ancient trade routes centering at Hatra across northern Mesopotamia. [Author]


Altaweel, Mark. 2003. “The Roads of Ashur and Nineveh.” Akkadica 124:221-229

---

Please note that the above details were correct on the day this post was published. To suggest an update, please email the site's editor at tmciolek@ciolek.com

---

Trading routes to China across the Himalaya and attendant ranges - Kibithoo to Karakorum

http://bameduniya.tripod.com/tradingroutes.html
21 Sep 2006

bameduniya.tripod.com, Waltham, MA, US

Self-description:
"The Himalaya are 2700 kms or so long and about 300 kms wide range between the Big Bend of the Tsangpo in the SE and the Big Bend of the Indus in the NW. [...] Trade routes to China pierced this topographical tangle in countless places. Kibithoo, in Lohit district of Arunachal Pradesh, is the easternmost and lowest direct route into Tibet, China. Karakorum pass in the north of Ladakh is the highest usable route to Sinkiang, China. The greater portion of Tibet's population lives in the 100 to 160 kms broad belt to its south on either side of the Brahmaputra, the Satluj and the Indus. [...] Some of the trade routes from NE to NW to Tibet & Sinkiang are listed below. Of these only 2 are functioning officially but both countries goods continue to flow across the borders from several places."

Site contents:
* Arunachal (details of 7 routes); * Sikkim (2 routes); * Uttar Pradesh (4 routes); * Himachal Pradesh (4 routes); * Ladakh (8 routes), * A 1992 list of 29 goods that can be "exported freely" to China as border barter trade through the only two Land Customs Stations (Garbyang in Uttaranchal and Shipki La in Himachal) open so far along the entire Indo-China border.

[A highly informative, packed with geographic details document by Romesh Bhattacharji published online sometime between 2003 and 2007 - ed.]

URL http://bameduniya.tripod.com/tradingroutes.html

Internet Archive (web.archive.org) [the site was not archived at the time of this abstract]

Link reported by: T. Matthew Ciolek (tmciolek--at--coombs.anu.edu.au)

* Resource type [news - documents - study - corporate info. - online guide]:
Study
* Publisher [academic - business - govt. - library/museum - NGO - other]:
Other
* Scholarly usefulness [essential - v.useful - useful - interesting - marginal]:
V.Useful
* External links to the resource [over 3,000 - under 3,000 - under 1,000
- under 300 - under 100 - under 30]: under 30

---

Please note that the above details were correct on the day this post was published. To suggest an update, please email the site's editor at tmciolek@ciolek.com

---

Indo-Tibetan Trade through Uttarakhanda, India

Some Dynamics of Indo-Tibetan Trade through Uttarakhanda (Kumaon-Garhwal), India
Maheshwar P. Joshi, C. W. Brown
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 30, No. 3 (1987), pp. 303-317
doi:10.2307/3631816

---

Please note that the above details were correct on the day this post was published. To suggest an update, please email the site's editor at tmciolek@ciolek.com

---

Routes into Networks : The Structure of English Trade in the East Indies, 1601-1833

http://www.iserp.columbia.edu/research/working_papers/downloads/2004_07.pdf

Erikson Emily and Peter Bearman. 2004.
Routes into Networks : The Structure of English Trade in the East Indies, 1601-1833

ISERP Working Paper 04- 07, Columbia University
http://www.iserp.columbia.edu/research/working_papers/downloads/2004_07.pdf

Abstract
Drawing on a remarkable dataset compiled from ships logs, journals, factory correspondence, ledgers, and reports that provide unusually precise information on each of the 4,572 voyages taken by English traders of the East India Company (hereafter EIC), we describe the EIC trade network over time, from 1601 to 1833.

From structural images of voyages organized by shipping seasons, we map the (over time and space) emergence of dense, fully integrated, global trade networks: of globalization before globalization. We show that the integration of the world trade system under the aegis of the EIC was the unintended by-product of systematic individual malfeasance (private trading) on the part of ship captains seeking profit from internal Eastern trade.

Keywords: principal-agent problem, networks, global trade, historical sociology, the EIC.

Extract
[...]
Data for this paper arise from The Catalogue of the East India Companys Ships Journals and Logs, 1600-1834 and The Biographical index of East India Company maritime service officers: 1600-1834, sources which integrate the journals, logs, ledgers, imprest books, pay books, receipt books, absence books, company papers, and voluminous correspondence of the Company relevant for each ship and employed officer. From the first volume, we have a complete list of the 1,480 ships (4,725 voyages) that were engaged in EIC trade from 1601 to 1835. Eighty- Routes into Networks five percent of the entries for voyages contain a complete set of ports visited with dates of arrival and departure. All ships list the trading season in which they were active and 99% percent include the intended destination. Less systematically, there is information on ship tonnage, dimensions, crew size, armaments, principal owners, and shipbuilders. In the analyses reported below, ports fall in and out of the network. [...]
-----------
[The sources in question are:
* Farrington, Anthony. 1999. Catalogue of the East India Company Ships' Journals and Logs 1600-1834. London: The British Library.
* Farrington, Anthony. 1999. Biographical Index of the East India Company Maritime Service Officers. London: The British Library.
- tmc.]

---

Please note that the above details were correct on the day this post was published. To suggest an update, please email the site's editor at tmciolek@ciolek.com

---

Trade, piracy, and naval warfare in the central Mediterranean: the maritime history and archaeology of Malta

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/437

Trade, piracy, and naval warfare in the central Mediterranean: the maritime history and archaeology of Malta
Authors: Atauz, Ayse Devrim
Keywords: Malta, Mediterranean, Order of Saint John, Crusades, Maritime Archaeology
Issue Date: 30-Sep-2004
Publisher: Texas A&M University

Abstract: Located approximately in the middle of the central Mediterranean channel, the Maltese Archipelago was touched by the historical events that effected the political, economic and cultural environment of Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. The islands were close to the major maritime routes throughout history and they were often on the border between clashing military, political, religious, and cultural entities. For these reasons, the islands were presumed to have been strategically and economically important, and, thus, frequented by ships. An underwater archaeological survey around the archipelago revealed the scarcity of submerged cultural remains, especially pertaining to shipping and navigation. Preliminary findings elucidate a story that contrasts with the picture presented by modern history and historiography. In this sense, a comparison of the underwater archaeological data with the information gathered through a detailed study of Maltese maritime history clearly shows that the islands were attributed an exaggerated importance in historical texts, due to political and religious trends that are rooted in the period during which the islands were under the control of the Order of Saint John. An objective investigation of the historical and archaeological material provides a more balanced picture, and places the islands in a Mediterranean-wide historical framework from the first colonization of the archipelago eight thousands years ago to the twentieth century.
URI: http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/437

---

Please note that the above details were correct on the day this post was published. To suggest an update, please email the site's editor at tmciolek@ciolek.com

---

Trade and Trade Routes in Southern Latium in Late Antiquity

Title: Trade and Trade Routes in Southern Latium in Late Antiquity
Author(s): CORSI, Cristina
Journal: BABesch - Bulletin Antieke Beschaving
Volume: 82    Issue: 1   Date: 2007   
Pages: 247-256
DOI: 10.2143/BAB.82.1.2020774

Abstract :
Thanks to the research activities to prepare the Archaeological Map of an area included in the modern province of Frosinone (Southern Lazio), it is now possible to delineate the distributions of commercial goods and technical know-how, as well as the routes and itineraries of their circulation, during the poorly documented period between the end of Antiquity and the beginning of Carolingian power in Italy.
The transformations in this region during Late Antiquity can be studied via a number of approaches. It is necessary to evaluate the character of acculturation in the areas conquered by the Lombards, and trace the forms of continuity of occupation in urban centres that remained under the political influence of the Byzantines.

---

Please note that the above details were correct on the day this post was published. To suggest an update, please email the site's editor at tmciolek@ciolek.com

---

The Sea Route between Cheju Island and Zhejiang Province

Koh, Heyryun, A Note on the Sea Route between Cheju Island and Zhejiang
Province, in A. Schottenhammer (ed.), The East Asian Maritime World
1400-1800: Its Fabrics of Power and Dynamics of Exchanges. (Wiesbaden:
Otto Harrassowitz, 2007), pp.151-168. East Asian Maritime History 4.

---

Please note that the above details were correct on the day this post was published. To suggest an update, please email the site's editor at tmciolek@ciolek.com

---

Latest publications from Nordic Institute of Asian Studies

Date: Wed, 15 Aug 2007 16:44:38 -0700
Sender: H-Net list for Asian History and Culture (H-ASIA--at--H-NET.MSU.EDU)

Resource: Latest publications from Nordic Institute of Asian Studies
(NIAS)
***********************************************************************
From: Gerald Jackson (gerald--at--nias.ku.dk)

Dear colleagues

[...]
As copies of the following NIAS books have now arrived, I am pleased to
advise their availability. Short descriptions follow. For more details
click on (or copy and paste) the associated links.

Best wishes

Gerald Jackson
Editor in Chief, NIAS Press
(Nordic Institute of Asian Studies)

[...]

Seventeenth-Century Burma and the Dutch East India Company 1634-1680
Wil O. Dijk

Seventeenth-century Burma was rich in resources and for a while experienced
peace and security. As a result, foreigners flocked to the country's shores.
The Dutch East India Company had one of the most active foreign operations in
Burma during this period. Its vast archives discuss trade, but also contain
detailed information about the people and places that VOC officials encountered
in Burma. Wil Dijk's account of this period opens a new window into Burma's
past. This is, in short, an impressive piece of scholarship.
http://www.niaspress.dk/asian_studies_bookshop/detail.asp?ID=17th-Century%20Burma%20and%20the%20Dutch%20East%20India%20Company%201634-1680

[...]
Trade and Society in the Straits of Melaka: Dutch Melaka and English
Penang, 1780-1830
Nordin Hussin

This prize-winning study from a member of Malaysia's new generation of
historians traces the British-Dutch struggle for dominance in insular Southeast
Asia in the lead-up to the founding of Singapore. 'This is a genuine pioneering
study of Malaysian urban history that breaks much new ground.' (Tony Reid)
http://www.niaspress.dk/asian_studies_bookshop/detail.asp?ID=Trade%20and%20Society%20in%20the%20Straits%20of%20Melaka

[...]

Breeds of Empire: The 'Invention' of the Horse in Southeast Asia and
Southern Africa 1500-1950
Greg Bankoff and Sandra Swart

Ships of empire carried not just merchandise, soldiers and administrators but
also equine genes from as far afield as Europe, Arabia, the Americas, China and
Japan. In the process, they introduced horses into new lands. As a result,
horses in Thailand, the Philippine Horses, the Cape Horse in South Africa and
the Basotho Pony in Lesotho share a genetic lineage with the horse found in the
Indonesian archipelago. This book thus explores the 'invention' of specific
breeds of horse in the context of imperial design and colonial trade routes,
focusing on Southeast Asia and southern Africa as well as the colonial trade in
horses within the Indian Ocean. This is a fascinating study that will appeal
not only to scholars but also to the broad horse-reading public interested in
all things equine.
http://www.niaspress.dk/asian_studies_bookshop/detail.asp?ID=Breeds%20of%20Empire

[...]
Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts: Codices Arabici & Codices Arabici
Additamenta
Irmeli Perho

The third volume cataloging the Arabic material at the Royal Library,
Copenhagen, describes 356 manuscripts including the latest acquisitions. 47
manuscripts are here described for the first time, whereas 309 manuscripts have
been described in a Latin catalogue printed in 1851. In the new catalogue the
mss are described in English and with more detailed information. The
acquisition history of the collection reaches from the 17th century to the
present day and the manuscripts reflect the interests of both scholars and book
collectors. The oldest manuscripts are Qur'an fragments written on parchment in
Kufi script, dating from the 9th century and the most recent manuscript is a
collection of Sufi texts copied in 1905.
http://www.niaspress.dk/asian_studies_bookshop/detail.asp?ID=Catalogue%20of%20Arabic%20Manuscripts

[...]
* * *

Gerald Jackson
Editor in Chief * NIAS Press
Nordic Institute of Asian Studies, Leifsgade 33, 2300 Copenhagen S, DENMARK
Tel: (+45) 3532 9503 * Fax: (+45) 3532 9549 * E-mail: gerald--at--nias.ku.dk
Book orders: books--at--nias.ku.dk
Web: http://www.niaspress.dk/

---

Please note that the above details were correct on the day this post was published. To suggest an update, please email the site's editor at tmciolek@ciolek.com

---

Two books on trade & trade routes in 19th c. Thailand

(1) ------
Phokha wua tang : phubukboek kankhakhai nai muban Phak Nua khong Prathet Thai, Pho.So. 2398-2503 / Chusit Chuchat.
• Merchants--Thailand, Northern--History.
• Trade routes--Thailand, Northern--History.
• 10, 116 p. : ill., maps ; 22 cm.
• Chiang Mai : Sun Suksa Phumpanya Thongthin, 2545 [2002]
(2) ------
http://www.jimthompsonhouse.com/museum_shop/index.asp
Exhibition catalogues' section
‘Siam in Trade and War — Royal Maps of the Nineteenth Century’ will be staged at the Jim Thompson Centre for the Arts, Soi Kasemsan 2 (BTS Station National Stadium), from January 28 until March 31, 2006, 9 am. to 5 pm.
James H W Thompson Foundation
Supicha Theerasenee
Tel: 66 (0) 2216-7368
Chutima Pengsuth
Tel: 66 (0) 2762-2564
"In 1995, 17 large hand-drawn and hand-colored maps were discovered rolled up in a cupboard in the Princess Abhantri Paja Mansion in the Grand Palace. These long-lost treasures record cartographically Siamese warfare and trade during the first three reigns of the Bangkok period (1782-1851). They were at once taken to HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn, who realizing their importance, undertook conservation work.

Works of art in themselves, the maps are full of historical and landscape detail which provide a wealth of material for historians and geographers of Southeast Asia. They depict the routes of war with the Burmese and trade with China, including extensive details of towns and villages, forts, religious places, ethnic minorities, plants and animals, population, distance and traveling time, and even historical events in some particular areas. Focusing on Siam and on her immediate neighbors, the collection also includes a remarkable four-metre long coastal map covering the area from peninsular Malaysia to Korea. Following their discovery, the maps were cleaned, restored and finally housed at the personal library of HRH Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn. Siam in Trade and War: Royal Maps of the Nineteenth Century also features illustrations of a fascinating collection of weapons, sacred shirts, manuscripts, Chinese porcelain and other traded goods to reflect the dual themes of war and trade.

The discovery of the maps and subsequent research carried out by Dr Santanee Phasuk, under the supervision of Professor Philip Stott, shed new light on the concerns faced by the early kings of the Chakri dynasty and overturn conventional views on indigenous cartography in Southeast Asia." Src: http://www.jimthompsonhouse.com/museum_shop/index.asp

See also
Hans-Dieter Evers, Rüdiger Korff and Suparb Pas-Ong. 1987. Trade and State Formation: Siam in the Early Bangkok Period
Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 21, No. 4. (1987), pp. 751-771.
http://www.uni-bonn.de/~hevers/papers/Evers1987-Trade_and_State_Formation_Siam1.pdf

Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0026-749X%281987%2921%3A4%3C751%3ATASFSI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q

---

Please note that the above details were correct on the day this post was published. To suggest an update, please email the site's editor at tmciolek@ciolek.com

---

Northeast Asian Maritime Trade Networks, 800-1000

http://faroutliers.blogspot.com/search/label/Korea
 
"Maritime trade in East Asia began to flourish in the seventh and eighth centuries C.E. It was jump-started by Persian and Arab merchants, who traveled to and settled in ports as far from home as Guangzhou (Canton) in southern China. Later, commerce spread eastward and northward along the coast to Quanzhou, Fuzhou, Mingzhou (Ningbo), and finally Hangzhou, where merchants could gain access to the Chinese interior via the Grand Canal. Foreign trade thus became integrated to a certain extent with China's domestic economy. Although pioneered by Arabs and Persians, this route soon fell under the domination of ethnic Chinese. Meanwhile, Korean merchants established their own trade networks connecting the west coast of Silla with Laizhou, Haizhou, and other ports in north China and entering the canal system through the mouth of the Huai River. In the early ninth century, semiautonomous communities of Korean traders were scattered along much of the north China littoral.

These northern routes were further extended to Japan under the direction of the Korean tycoon Chang Pogo. Chang himself is said to have visited Kyushu in 824 and met with the governor of Chikuzen, although the validity of this account has been questioned. In any case Chang, acting by authorization of the king of Silla, was in charge of maritime defenses at the Ch'?nghae garrison on Wan Island by the late 820s or early 830s. It is probably no coincidence that the first Japanese record of "Silla merchants" in Hakata dates from 831.

However, Korean domination of the Hakata trade was short-lived, to say the least. Merchants from Tang make their first known appearance in Hakata in 842, and soon thereafter they completely replace their counterparts from Silla. Chinese merchants bypassed the Korean coastal route entirely, traveling directly across the East China Sea from locations such as Fuzhou and Mingzhou. These same ports continued to supply the bulk of foreign merchants visiting Japan after the demise of Tang (in 907), when they fell under the control, respectively, of the Wu Yue kingdom and then (after 978) the Song empire.

SOURCE: Gateway to Japan: Hakata in War and Peace, 500–1300, by Bruce L. Batten (U. Hawai‘i Press, 2006), pp. 111-112"

Src: http://faroutliers.blogspot.com/search/label/Korea, 11 May 2007

---

Please note that the above details were correct on the day this post was published. To suggest an update, please email the site's editor at tmciolek@ciolek.com

---

Merchants' Manuals - The Qing Dynasty China

http://www.princeton.edu/~classbib/

Merchants' Manuals - The Qing Dynasty China

• Brook, Timothy. Geographical Sources of Ming-Qing History. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1988.

• Wilkinson, Endymion. "Chinese Merchant Manuals and Route Books." Ch'ing-shih wen-t'i 2:9 (1973): 8-34.

• Wilkinson, Endymion. The History of Imperial China: A Research Guide. Cambridge: East Asian Research Center of Harvard University, 1973, pp. 122-24.

Source: Benjamin A. Elman,1996-present,
Classical Historiography For Chinese History,
12. Sources For The Qing Dynasty
http://www.princeton.edu/~classbib/

---

Please note that the above details were correct on the day this post was published. To suggest an update, please email the site's editor at tmciolek@ciolek.com

---

DATASET: Silk Road routes between the Mediterranean, Iran and China from 200 BCE to 1400 CE

http://www.ciolek.com/OWTRAD/DATA/tmcZCAm0600.html

55 data points defining major Silk Road routes between the Mediterranean, Iran and China

Source:
Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim. 1988. Die Seidenstrasse: Handelsweg and Kulturbruecke zwischen Morgen- and Abendland. Koeln: DuMont Buchverlag. [Map: 'Die Route der historischen Seidenstrasse, dargestelt in den heutigen politischen Grenzen.' Scale 1:25M]

---

Please note that the above details were correct on the day this post was published. To suggest an update, please email the site's editor at tmciolek@ciolek.com

---

DATASET: Silk Road routes from 200 BCE to 500 CE

http://www.ciolek.com/OWTRAD/DATA/tmcZCAm0200.html

27 data points defining major Silk Road routes between the Mediterranean, Persia and China

Source:
Klimkeit, Hans-Joachim. 1988. Die Seidenstrasse: Handelsweg and Kulturbruecke zwischen Morgen- and Abendland. Koeln: DuMont Buchverlag. [Map, pp. 9.: 'Der Verlauf der Seidenstrasse vom Iran nach China.']

---

Please note that the above details were correct on the day this post was published. To suggest an update, please email the site's editor at tmciolek@ciolek.com

---

DATASET: Roads in the 13th c. CE Cambodia [Khmer]

http://www.ciolek.com/OWTRAD/DATA/tmcKHm1200.html

36 data points defining various roads and movement corridors in SouthEast Asia

Source:
HATANO, Naoki. 2002. [An unnamed map of ancient Khmer] (v. Jul 2002).
www.hatano-unet.ocn.ne.jp/angkor/angkor/maps/cam_map.htm
a copy of Hatano's original map is available at
http://www.ciolek.com/OWTRAD/DATA/images/extra-images/hatano-naoki-KHm1200.gif

---

Please note that the above details were correct on the day this post was published. To suggest an update, please email the site's editor at tmciolek@ciolek.com

---

DATASET: Roads in India during Mughal rule 1556-1707

http://www.ciolek.com/OWTRAD/DATA/tmcINm1550.html

88 data points defining roads in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan

Source:
Farooque, Abdul K.M. 1977. Roads and Communications in Mughal India. Delhi: Idarah-I Adabiyat-I Delli. Map 1 (pp.56-57); Map 2 (pp.216-217), Map 3 (pp.220-221)

---

Please note that the above details were correct on the day this post was published. To suggest an update, please email the site's editor at tmciolek@ciolek.com

---

DATASET: Middle East trade routes in 7th-6th c. BCE

http://www.ciolek.com/OWTRAD/DATA/tmcILa0600.html

13 data points defining 7th-6th c. BCE. major trade routes across territories of today's Israel and Jordan

Source:
Cohen, Rudolph and Yigal Yisrael. 1995. The Iron Age Fortresses at 'En Haseva.
www.asor.org/BA/Cohen.html

---

Please note that the above details were correct on the day this post was published. To suggest an update, please email the site's editor at tmciolek@ciolek.com

---

DATASET: Hellenistic trade routes 350-100 BCE

http://www.ciolek.com/OWTRAD/DATA/tmcGRa0350.html

52 data points defining Hellenistic land and sea trade routes between Greece and the East

Source:
Scarre, Chris (ed.). 1988. Past Worlds: The "Times" Atlas of Archaeology. London: Times Books Ltd. pp. 165

---

Please note that the above details were correct on the day this post was published. To suggest an update, please email the site's editor at tmciolek@ciolek.com

---